Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 96. By baptism one is incorporated into the Church of Christ and is constituted a person in it with the duties and rights which are proper to Christians in keeping with their condition, insofar as they are in ecclesiastical communion and unless a legitimately issued sanction stands in the way. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =; Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 151. The provision of an office entailing the care of souls should not be deferred without a grave cause. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 151. Provisio officii animarum curam secumferentis, sine gravi causa ne differatur. Olim, 1917 CIC 155; Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 941.

Canon 204. § 1. The Christian faithful are those who, inasmuch as they have been incorporated in Christ through baptism, have been constituted as the people of God. For this reason, made sharers in their own way in Christ’s priestly, prophetic, and royal function, they are called to exercise the mission which God has entrusted to the Church to fulfill in the world, in accord with the condition proper to each. § 2. This Church, constituted and organized in this world as a society, subsists in the Catholic Church governed by the successor of Peter and the bishops in communion with him. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 834. § 1. The Church fulfills its sanctifying function in a particular way through the sacred liturgy, which is an exercise of the priestly function of Jesus Christ. In the sacred liturgy the sanctification of humanity is signified through sensible signs and effected in a manner proper to each sign. In the sacred liturgy, the whole public worship of God is carried out by the Head and members of the mystical Body of Jesus Christ. § 2. Such worship takes place when it is carried out in the name of the Church by persons legitimately designated and through acts approved by the authority of the Church. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 836. Since Christian worship, in which the common priesthood of the Christian faithful is carried out, is a work which proceeds from faith and is based on it, sacred ministers are to take care to arouse and enlighten this faith diligently, especially through the ministry of the word, which gives birth to and nourishes the faith. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 837. § 1. Liturgical actions are not private actions but celebrations of the Church itself which is the sacrament of unity, that is, a holy people gathered and ordered under the bishops. Liturgical actions therefore belong to the whole body of the Church and manifest and affect it; they touch its individual members in different ways, however, according to the diversity of orders, functions, and actual participation. § 2. Inasmuch as liturgical actions by their nature entail a common celebration, they are to be celebrated with the presence and active participation of the Christian faithful where possible. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 839. § 1. The Church carries out the function of sanctifying also by other means, both by prayers in which it asks God to sanctify the Christian faithful in truth, and by works of penance and charity which greatly help to root and strengthen the kingdom of Christ in souls and contribute to the salvation of the world. § 2. Local ordinaries are to take care that the prayers and pious and sacred exercises of the Christian people are fully in keeping with the norms of the Church. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 840. The sacraments of the New Testament were instituted by Christ the Lord and entrusted to the Church. As actions of Christ and the Church, they are signs and means which express and strengthen the faith, render worship to God, and effect the sanctification of humanity and thus contribute in the greatest way to establish, strengthen, and manifest ecclesiastical communion. Accordingly, in the celebration of the sacraments the sacred ministers and the other members of the Christian faithful must use the greatest veneration and necessary diligence. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 849. Baptism, the gateway to the sacraments and necessary for salvation by actual reception or at least by desire, is validly conferred only by a washing of true water with the proper form of words. Through baptism men and women are freed from sin, are reborn as children of God, and, configured to Christ by an indelible character, are incorporated into the Church. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 850. Baptism is administered according to the order prescribed in the approved liturgical books, except in case of urgent necessity when only those things required for the validity of the sacrament must be observed. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 850. Baptismus minstratur secundum ordinem in probatis liturgicis libris praescriptum, excepto casu necessitatis urgentis, in quo ea tantum observari debent, quae ad validitatem sacramenti requiruntur.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 851. The celebration of baptism must be prepared properly; consequently: 1º an adult who intends to receive baptism is to be admitted to the catechumenate and is to be led insofar as possible through the various stages to sacramental initiation, according to the order of initiation adapted by the conference of bishops and the special norms issued by it; 2º the parents of an infant to be baptized and those who are to undertake the function of sponsor are to be instructed properly on the meaning of this sacrament and the obligations attached to it. The pastor personally or through others is to take care that the parents are properly instructed through both pastoral advice and common prayer, bringing several families together and, where possible, visiting them.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 851. Baptismi celebratio debite praeparetur oportet; itaque: 1° adultus, qui baptismum recipere intendit, ad catechumenatum admittatur et, quatenus fieri potest, per varios gradus ad initiationem sacramentalem perducatur, secundum ordinem initiationis ab Episcoporum conferentia aptatum et peculiares normas ab eadem editas; 2° infantis baptizandi parentes, itemque qui munus patrini sunt suscepturi, de significatione huius sacramenti deque obligationibus cum eo cohaerentibus rite edoceantur; parochus per se vel per alios curet ut ita pastoralibus monitionibus, immo et communi precatione, debite parentes instruantur, plures adunando familias atque, ubi fieri possit, eas visitando.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 852. § 1. The prescripts of the canons on adult baptism are to be applied to all those who, no longer infants, have attained the use of reason. § 2. A person who is not responsible for oneself (non sui compos) is also regarded as an infant with respect to baptism.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 852. § 1. Quae in canonibus de baptismo adulti habentur praescripta, applicantur omnibus qui, infantia egressi, rationis usum assecuti sunt. § 2. Infanti assimilatur, etiam ad baptismum quod attinet, qui non est sui compos.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 853. Apart from a case of necessity, the water to be used in conferring baptism must be blessed according to the prescripts of the liturgical books.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 853.

Aqua in baptismo conferendo adhibenda, extra casum necessitatis, benedicta sit oportet, secundum librorum liturgicorum praescripta.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 854. Baptism is to be conferred either by immersion or by pouring; the prescripts of the conference of bishops are to be observed.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 854.

Baptismus conferatur sive per immersionem sive per infusionem, servatis Episcoporum conferentiae praescriptis.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 855. Parents, sponsors, and the pastor are to take care that a name foreign to Christian sensibility is not given.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 855.

Curent parentes, patrini et parochus ne imponatur nomen a sensu christiano alienum.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 856. Although baptism can be celebrated on any day, it is nevertheless recommended that it be celebrated ordinarily on Sunday or, if possible, at the Easter Vigil.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 856.

Licet baptismus quolibet die celebrari possit, commendatur tamen ut ordinarie die dominica aut, si fieri possit, in vigilia Paschatis, celebretur.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 857. § 1. Apart from a case of necessity, the proper place of baptism is a church or oratory. § 2. As a rule an adult is to be baptized in his or her parish church and an infant in the parish church of the parents unless a just cause suggests otherwise.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 857. § 1. Extra casum necessitatis, proprius baptismi locus est ecclesia aut oratorium. § 2. Pro regula habeatur ut adultus baptizetur in propria ecclesia paroeciali, infans vero in ecclesia paroeciali parentum propria, nisi iusta causa aliud suadeat.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 858. § 1. Every parish church is to have a baptismal font, without prejudice to the cumulative right already acquired by other churches. § 2. After having heard the local pastor, the local ordinary can permit or order for the convenience of the faithful that there also be a baptismal font in another church or oratory within the boundaries of the parish.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 858. § 1. Quaevis ecclesia paroecialis baptismalem fontem habeat, salvo iure cumulativo aliis ecclesiis iam quaesito. § 2. Loci Ordinarius, audito loci parocho, potest ad fidelium commoditatem permittere aut iubere, ut fons baptismalis habeatur etiam in alia ecclesia aut oratorio intra paroeciae fines.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 859. If because of distance or other circumstances the one to be baptized cannot go or be brought to the parish church or to the other church or oratory mentioned in can. 858 § 2 without grave inconvenience, baptism can and must be conferred in another nearer church or oratory, or even in another fitting place.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 859. Si ad ecclesiam paroecialem aut ad aliam ecclesiam vel oratorium, de quo in can. 858 § 2, baptizandus, propter locorum distantiam aliave adiuncta, sine gravi incommodo accedere vel transferri nequeat, baptismus conferri potest et debet in alia propinquiore ecclesia vel oratorio, aut etiam alio in loco decenti.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 860. § 1. Apart from a case of necessity, baptism is not to be conferred in private houses, unless the local ordinary has permitted it for a grave cause. § 2. Except in a case of necessity or for some other compelling pastoral reason, baptism is not to be celebrated in hospitals unless the diocesan bishop has established otherwise.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 860. § 1. Praeter casum necessitatis, baptismus ne conferatur in domibus privatis, nisi loci Ordinarius gravi de causa id permiserit. § 2. In valetudinariis, nisi aliter Episcopus dioecesanus statuerit, baptismus ne celebretur, nisi in casu necessitatis vel alia ratione pastorali cogente.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 861. § 1. The ordinary minister of baptism is a bishop, a presbyter, or a deacon, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 530 n. 1. § 2. When an ordinary minister is absent or impeded, a catechist or another person designated for this function by the local ordinary, or in a case of necessity any person with the right intention, confers baptism licitly. Pastors of souls, especially the pastor of a parish, are to be concerned that the Christian faithful are taught the correct way to baptize. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 862. Except in a case of necessity, no one is permitted to confer baptism in the territory of another without the required permission, not even upon his own subjects. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 863. The baptism of adults, at least of those who have completed their fourteenth year, is to be deferred to the diocesan bishop so that he himself administers it if he has judged it expedient. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 864. Every person not yet baptized and only such a person is capable of baptism. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 865. § 1. For an adult to be baptized, the person must have manifested the intention to receive baptism, have been instructed sufficiently about the truths of the faith and Christian obligations, and have been tested in the Christian life through the catechumenate. The adult is also to be urged to have sorrow for personal sins. § 2. An adult in danger of death can be baptized if, having some knowledge of the principal truths of the faith, the person has manifested in any way at all the intention to receive baptism and promises to observe the commandments of the Christian religion. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 866. Unless there is a grave reason to the contrary, an adult who is baptized is to be confirmed immediately after baptism and is to participate in the eucharistic celebration also by receiving communion. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 867. § 1. Parents are obliged to take care that infants are baptized in the first few weeks; as soon as possible after the birth or even before it, they are to go to the pastor to request the sacrament for their child and to be prepared properly for it. § 2. An infant in danger of death is to be baptized without delay. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 868. § 1. For an infant to be baptized licitly: 1º the parents or at least one of them or the person who legitimately takes their place must consent; 2º there must be a founded hope that the infant will be brought up in the Catholic religion; if such hope is altogether lacking, the baptism is to be delayed according to the prescripts of particular law after the parents have been advised about the reason. § 2. An infant of Catholic parents or even of non-Catholic parents is baptized licitly in danger of death even against the will of the parents. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 869. § 1. If there is a doubt whether a person has been baptized or whether baptism was conferred validly and the doubt remains after a serious investigation, baptism is to be conferred conditionally. § 2. Those baptized in a non-Catholic ecclesial community must not be baptized conditionally unless, after an examination of the matter and the form of the words used in the conferral of baptism and a consideration of the intention of the baptized adult and the minister of the baptism, a serious reason exists to doubt the validity of the baptism. § 3. If in the cases mentioned in § § 1 and 2 the conferral or validity of the baptism remains doubtful, baptism is not to be conferred until after the doctrine of the sacrament of baptism is explained to the person to be baptized, if an adult, and the reasons of the doubtful validity of the baptism are explained to the person or, in the case of an infant, to the parents. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 870. An abandoned infant or a foundling is to be baptized unless after diligent investigation the baptism of the infant is established. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 871. If aborted fetuses are alive, they are to be baptized insofar as possible. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 872. Insofar as possible, a person to be baptized is to be given a sponsor who assists an adult in Christian initiation or together with the parents presents an infant for baptism. A sponsor also helps the baptized person to lead a Christian life in keeping with baptism and to fulfill faithfully the obligations inherent in it. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 873. There is to be only one male sponsor or one female sponsor or one of each. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 874. § 1. To be permitted to take on the function of sponsor a person must: 1º be designated by the one to be baptized, by the parents or the person who takes their place, or in their absence by the pastor or minister and have the aptitude and intention of fulfilling this function; 2º have completed the sixteenth year of age, unless the diocesan bishop has established another age, or the pastor or minister has granted an exception for a just cause; 3º be a Catholic who has been confirmed and has already received the most holy sacrament of the Eucharist and who leads a life of faith in keeping with the function to be taken on; 4º not be bound by any canonical penalty legitimately imposed or declared; 5º not be the father or mother of the one to be baptized. § 2. A baptized person who belongs to a non-Catholic ecclesial community is not to participate except together with a Catholic sponsor and then only as a witness of the baptism. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 875. A person who administers baptism is to take care that, unless a sponsor is present, there is at least a witness who can attest to the conferral of the baptism. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 876. To prove the conferral of baptism, if prejudicial to no one, the declaration of one witness beyond all exception is sufficient or the oath of the one baptized if the person received baptism as an adult. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 877. § 1. The pastor of the place where the baptism is celebrated must carefully and without any delay record in the baptismal register the names of the baptized, with mention made of the minister, parents, sponsors, witnesses, if any, the place and date of the conferral of the baptism, and the date and place of birth. § 2. If it concerns a child born to an unmarried mother, the name of the mother must be inserted, if her maternity is established publicly or if she seeks it willingly in writing or before two witnesses. Moreover, the name of the father must be inscribed if a public document or his own declaration before the pastor and two witnesses proves his paternity; in other cases, the name of the baptized is inscribed with no mention of the name of the father or the parents. § 3. If it concerns an adopted child, the names of those adopting are to be inscribed and, at least if it is done in the civil records of the region, also the names of the natural parents according to the norm of §§ 1 and 2, with due regard for the prescripts of the conference of bishops. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 878. If the baptism was not administered by the pastor or in his presence, the minister of baptism, whoever it is, must inform the pastor of the parish in which it was administered of the conferral of the baptism, so that he records the baptism according to the norm of can. 877 § 1. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 897. The most August sacrament is the Most Holy Eucharist in which Christ the Lord himself is contained, offered, and received and by which the Church continually lives and grows. The Eucharistic sacrifice, the memorial of the death and resurrection of the Lord, in which the sacrifice of the cross is perpetuated through the ages is the summit and source of all worship and Christian life, which signifies and effects the unity of the People of God and brings about the building up of the body of Christ. Indeed, the other sacraments and all the ecclesiastical works of the apostolate are closely connected with the Most Holy Eucharist and ordered to it. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 898. The Christian faithful are to hold the Most Holy Eucharist in highest honor, taking an active part in the celebration of the most august sacrifice, receiving this sacrament most devoutly and frequently, and worshiping it with the highest adoration. In explaining the doctrine about this sacrament, pastors of souls are to teach the faithful diligently about this obligation. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 913.

Canon 913. § 1. Ut sanctissima Eucharistia ministrari possit pueris, requiritur ut ipsi sufficienti cognitione et accurata praeparatione gaudeant, ita ut mysterium Christi pro suo captu percipiant et Corpus Domini cum fide et devotione sumere valeant. § 2. Pueris tamen in periculo mortis versantibus sanctissima Eucharistia ministrari potest, si Corpus Christi a communi cibo discernere et communionem reverenter suscipere possint.

Canon 914.

Canon 914. Parentum imprimis atque eorum qui parentum locum tenent necnon parochi officium est curandi ut pueri usum rationis assecuti debite praeparentur et quam primum, praemissa sacramentali confessione, hoc divino cibo reficiantur; parochi etiam est advigilare ne ad sacram Synaxim accedant pueri, qui rationis usum non sint adepti aut quos non sufficienter dispositos iudicaverit.

Canon 945. § 1. In accord with the approved practice of the Church, any priest celebrating or concelebrating is permitted to receive an offering to apply the Mass for a specific intention. § 2. It is recommended earnestly to priests that they celebrate Mass for the intention of the Christian faithful, especially the needy, even if they have not received an offering. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 946. The Christian faithful who give an offering to apply the Mass for their intention contribute to the good of the Church and by that offering share its concern to support its ministers and works. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 947. Any appearance of trafficking or trading is to be excluded entirely from the offering for Masses. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 948. Separate Masses are to be applied for the intentions of those for whom a single offering, although small, has been given and accepted. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 949. A person obliged to celebrate and apply Mass for the intention of those who gave an offering is bound by the obligation even if the offerings received have been lost through no fault of his own. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 950. If a sum of money is offered for the application of Masses without an indication of the number of Masses to be celebrated, the number is to be computed on the basis of the offering established in the place where the donor resides, unless the intention of the donor must be presumed legitimately to have been different. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 951. § 1. A priest who celebrates several Masses on the same day can apply each to the intention for which the offering was given, but subject to the rule that, except on Christmas, he is to keep the offering for only one Mass and transfer the others to the purposes prescribed by the ordinary, while allowing for some recompense by reason of an extrinsic title. § 2. A priest who concelebrates a second Mass on the same day cannot accept an offering for it under any title. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 952. § 1. It is for the provincial council or a meeting of the bishops of the province to define by decree for the entire province the offering to be given for the celebration and application of Mass, and a priest is not permitted to seek a larger sum. Nevertheless, he is permitted to accept for the application of a Mass a voluntary offering which is larger or even smaller than the one defined. § 2. Where there is no such decree, the custom in force in the diocese is to be observed. § 3. Members of all religious institutes must also observe the same decree or local custom mentioned in §§ 1 and 2. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 953. No one is permitted to accept more offerings for Masses to be applied by himself than he can satisfy within a year. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 954. If in certain churches or oratories more Masses are asked to be celebrated than can be celebrated there, it is permitted for them to be celebrated elsewhere unless the donors have expressly indicated a contrary intention. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 955. § 1. A person who intends to entrust to others the celebration of Masses to be applied is to entrust their celebration as soon as possible to priests acceptable to him, provided that he is certain that they are above suspicion. He must transfer the entire offering received unless it is certain that the excess over the sum fixed in the diocese was given for him personally. He is also obliged to see to the celebration of the Masses until he learns that the obligation has been accepted and the offering received. § 2. The time within which Masses must be celebrated begins on the day the priest who is to celebrate them received them unless it is otherwise evident. § 3. Those who entrust to others Masses to be celebrated are to record in a book without delay both the Masses which they received and those which they transferred to others, as well as their offerings. § 4. Every priest must note accurately the Masses which he accepted to celebrate and those which he has satisfied. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 956. Each and every administrator of pious causes or those obliged in any way to see to the celebration of Masses, whether clerics or laity, are to hand over to their ordinaries according to the method defined by the latter the Mass obligations which have not been satisfied within a year. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 957. The duty and right of exercising vigilance that Mass obligations are fulfilled belong to the local ordinary in churches of secular clergy and to the superiors in churches of religious institutes or societies of apostolic life. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 958. § 1. The pastor and the rector of a church or other pious place which regularly receives offerings for Masses are to have a special book in which they note accurately the number of Masses to be celebrated, the intention, the offering given, and their celebration. § 2. The ordinary is obliged to examine these books each year either personally or through others. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 959. In the sacrament of penance the faithful who confess their sins to a legitimate minister, are sorry for them, and intend to reform themselves obtain from God through the absolution imparted by the same minister forgiveness for the sins they have committed after baptism and, at the same, time are reconciled with the Church which they have wounded by sinning. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 960. Individual and integral confession and absolution constitute the only ordinary means by which a member of the faithful conscious of grave sin is reconciled with God and the Church. Only physical or moral impossibility excuses from confession of this type; in such a case reconciliation can be obtained by other means. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 960. Individualis et integra confessio atque absolutio unicum constituunt modum ordinarium, quo fidelis peccati gravis sibi conscius cum Deo et Ecclesia reconciliatur; solummodo impossibilitas physica vel moralis ab huiusmodi confessione excusat, quo in casu aliis quoque modis reconciliatio haberi potest.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 961. § 1. Absolution cannot be imparted in a general manner to many penitents at once without previous individual confession unless: 1º danger of death is imminent and there is insufficient time for the priest or priests to hear the confessions of the individual penitents; 2º there is grave necessity, that is, when in view of the number of penitents, there are not enough confessors available to hear the confessions of individuals properly within a suitable period of time in such a way that the penitents are forced to be deprived for a long while of sacramental grace or holy communion through no fault of their own. Sufficient necessity is not considered to exist when confessors cannot be present due only to the large number of penitents such as can occur on some great feast or pilgrimage. § 2. It belongs to the diocesan bishop to judge whether the conditions required according to the norm of § 1 n. 2 are present. He can determine the cases of such necessity, attentive to the criteria agreed upon with the other members of the conference of bishops.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 961. § 1. Absolutio pluribus insimul paenitentibus sine praevia individuali confessione, generali modo impertiri non potest, nisi: 1° immineat periculum mortis et tempus non suppetat sacerdoti vel sacerdotibus ad audiendas singulorum paenitentium confessiones; 2° adsit gravis necessitas, videlicet quando, attento paenitentium numero, confessariorum copia praesto non est ad rite audiendas singulorum confessiones intra congruum tempus, ita ut paenitentes, sine propria culpa, gratia sacramentali aut sacra communione diu carere cogantur; necessitas vero non censetur sufficiens, cum confessarii praesto esse non possunt, ratione solius magni concursus paenitentium, qualis haberi potest in magna aliqua festivitate aut peregrinatione. § 2. Iudicium ferre an dentur condiciones ad normam § 1, n. 2 requisitae, pertinet ad Episcopum dioecesanum, qui, attentis criteriis cum ceteris membris Episcoporum conferentiae concordatis, casus talis necessitatis determinare potest. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 962. § 1. For a member of the Christian faithful validly to receive sacramental absolution given to many at one time, it is required not only that the person is properly disposed but also at the same time intends to confess within a suitable period of time each grave sin which at the present time cannot be so confessed. § 2. Insofar as it can be done even on the occasion of the reception of general absolution, the Christian faithful are to be instructed about the requirements of the norm of § 1. An exhortation that each person take care to make an act of contrition is to precede general absolution even in the case of danger of death, if there is time.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 962. § 1. Ut christifidelis sacramentali absolutione una simul pluribus data valide fruatur, requiritur non tantum ut sit apte dispositus, sed ut insimul sibi proponat singillatim debito tempore confiteri peccata gravia, quae in praesens ita confiteri nequit. § 2. Christifideles, quantum fieri potest etiam occasione absolutionis generalis recipiendae, de requisitis ad normam § 1 edoceantur et absolutioni generali, in casu quoque periculi mortis, si tempus suppetat, praemittatur exhortatio ut actum contritionis quisque elicere curet. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 963. Without prejudice to the obligation mentioned in can. 989, a person whose grave sins are remitted by general absolution is to approach individual confession as soon as possible, given the opportunity, before receiving another general absolution, unless a just cause intervenes.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 963. Firma manente obligatione de qua in can. 989, is, cui generali absolutione gravia peccata remittuntur, ad confessionem individualem quam primum, occasione data, accedat, antequam aliam recipiat absolutionem generalem, nisi iusta causa interveniat. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 964. § 1. The proper place to hear sacramental confessions is a church or oratory. § 2. The conference of bishops is to establish norms regarding the confessional; it is to take care, however, that there are always confessionals with a fixed grate between the penitent and the confessor in an open place so that the faithful who wish to can use them freely. § 3. Confessions are not to be heard outside a confessional without a just cause.

 ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 964. § 1. Ad sacramentales confessiones excipiendas locus proprius est ecclesia aut oratorium. § 2. Ad sedem confessionalem quod attinet, normae ab Episcoporum conferentia statuantur, cauto tamen ut semper habeantur in loco patenti sedes confessionales crate fixa inter paenitentem et confessarium instructae, quibus libere uti possint fideles, qui id desiderent. § 3. Confessiones extra sedem confessionalem ne excipiantur, nisi iusta de causa. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 966. § 1. The valid absolution of sins requires that the minister have, in addition to the power of orders, the faculty of exercising it for the faithful to whom he imparts absolution. § 2. A priest can be given this faculty either by the law itself or by a grant made by the competent authority according to the norm of can. 969. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 966. § 1. Ad validam peccatorum absolutionem requiritur ut minister, praeterquam potestate ordinis, facultate gaudeat eandem in fideles, quibus absolutionem impertitur, exercendi. § 2. Hac facultate donari potest sacerdos, sive ipso iure sive concessione ab auctoritate competenti facta ad normam can. 969. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 967. § 1. In addition to the Roman Pontiff, cardinals have the faculty of hearing the confessions of the Christian faithful everywhere in the world by the law itself. Bishops likewise have this faculty and use it licitly everywhere unless the diocesan bishop has denied it in a particular case. § 2. Those who possess the faculty of hearing confessions habitually whether by virtue of office or by virtue of the grant of an ordinary of the place of incardination or of the place in which they have a domicile can exercise that faculty everywhere unless the local ordinary has denied it in a particular case, without prejudice to the prescripts of can. 974 §§ 2 and 3. § 3. Those who are provided with the faculty of hearing confessions by reason of office or grant of a competent superior according to the norm of cann. 968 § 2 and 969 § 2 possess the same faculty everywhere by the law itself as regards members and others living day and night in the house of the institute or society; they also use the faculty licitly unless some major superior has denied it in a particular case as regards his own subjects. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 967.

§ 1. Praeter Romanum Pontificem, facultate christifidelium ubique terrarum confessiones excipiendi ipso iure gaudent Cardinales; itemque Episcopi, qui eadem et licite ubique utuntur, nisi Episcopus dioecesanus in casu particulari renuerit. § 2. Qui facultate confessiones habitualiter excipiendi gaudent sive vi officii sive vi concessionis Ordinarii loci incardinationis aut loci in quo domicilium habent, eadem facultatem ubique exercere possunt, nisi loci Ordinarius in casu particulari renuerit, firmis praescriptis can. 974 §§ 2 et 3. § 3. Ipso iure eadem facultate ubique potiuntur erga sodales aliosque in domo instituti aut societatis diu noctuque degentes, qui vi officii aut concessionis Superioris competentis ad normam cann. 968 § 2 et 969 § 2 facultate confessiones excipiendi sunt instructi; qui quidem eadem et licite utuntur, nisi aliquis Superior maior quoad proprios subditos in casu particulari renuerit.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 968. § 1. In virtue of office, a local ordinary, canon penitentiary, a pastor, and those who take the place of a pastor possess the faculty of hearing confessions, each within his jurisdiction. § 2. In virtue of their office, superiors of religious institutes or societies of apostolic life that are clerical and of pontifical right, who have executive power of governance according to the norm of their constitutions, possess the faculty of hearing the confessions of their subjects and of others living day and night in the house, without prejudice to the prescript of can. 630 § 4. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 968. § 1. Vi officii pro sua quisque dicione facultate ad confessiones excipiendas gaudent loci Ordinarius, canonicus paenitentiarius, itemque parochus aliique qui loco parochi sunt. § 2. Vi officii facultate gaudent confessiones excipiendi suorum subditorum aliorumque, in domo diu noctuque degentium, Superiores instituti religiosi aut societatis vitae apostolicae, si sint clericales iuris pontificii, ad normam constitutionum potestate regiminis exsecutiva fruentes, firmo tamen praescripto can. 630 § 4.

Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 969. § 1. The local ordinary alone is competent to confer upon any presbyters whatsoever the faculty to hear the confessions of any of the faithful. Presbyters who are members of religious institutes, however, are not to use the faculty without at least the presumed permission of their superior. § 2. The superior of a religious institute or society of apostolic life mentioned in can. 968, § 2 is competent to confer upon any presbyters whatsoever the faculty to hear the confessions of their subjects and of others living day and night in the house. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 969. § 1. Solus loci Ordinarius competens est qui facultatem ad confessiones quorumlibet fidelium excipiendas conferat presbyteris quibuslibet; presbyteri autem, qui sodales sunt institutorum religiosorum, eadem ne utantur sine licentia saltem praesumpta sui Superioris. § 2. Superior instituti religiosi aut societatis vitae apostolicae, de quo in can. 968 § 2, competens est qui facultatem ad excipiendas confessiones suorum subditorum aliorumque in domo diu noctuque degentium presbyteris quibuslibet conferat. Interpretatus, =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 970. The faculty to hear confessions is not to be granted except to presbyters who are found to be suitable through an examination or whose suitability is otherwise evident. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 971. The local ordinary is not to grant the faculty of hearing confessions habitually to a presbyter, even one having a domicile or quasi-domicile in his jurisdiction, unless he has first heard the ordinary of the same presbyter insofar as possible. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 972. The competent authority mentioned in can. 969 can grant the faculty to hear confessions for either an indefinite or a definite period of time. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 973. The faculty to hear confessions habitually is to be granted in writing. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 974. § 1. The local ordinary and the competent superior are not to revoke the faculty to hear confessions habitually except for a grave cause. § 2. When the faculty to hear confessions has been revoked by the local ordinary who granted it as mentioned in can. 967 § 2, a presbyter loses the faculty everywhere. If some other local ordinary has revoked the faculty, the presbyter loses it only in the territory of the one who revokes it. § 3. Any local ordinary who has revoked the faculty of some presbyter to hear confessions is to inform the proper ordinary of incardination of the presbyter or, if he is a member of a religious institute, his competent superior. § 4. If the proper major superior of a presbyter has revoked the faculty to hear confessions, the presbyter loses the faulty to hear the confessions of members of the institute everywhere. If some other competent superior has revoked the faculty, however, the presbyter loses it only with regard to the subjects in the jurisdiction of that superior. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 975. Besides by revocation, the faculty mentioned in can. 967, § 2 ceases by loss of office, excardination, or loss of domicile. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 976. Even though a priest lacks the faculty to hear confessions, he absolves validly and licitly any penitents whatsoever in danger of death from any censures and sins, even if an approved priest is present. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 977. The absolution of an accomplice in a sin against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue is invalid except in danger of death. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 978. § 1. In hearing confessions the priest is to remember that he is equally a judge and a physician and has been established by God as a minister of divine justice and mercy, so that he has regard for the divine honor and the salvation of souls. § 2. In administering the sacrament, the confessor as a minister of the Church is to adhere faithfully to the doctrine of the magisterium and the norms issued by competent authority. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

Canon 979. In posing questions, the priest is to proceed with prudence and discretion, attentive to the condition and age of the penitent, and is to refrain from asking the name of an accomplice. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC =. Olim, 1917 CIC =. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO =.

 • Canon 6. § 1. When this Code takes force [the following] are abrogated: 1° the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917; 2° also other laws, whether universal or particular, contrary to the prescripts of this Code unless otherwise expressly provided otherwise in particular laws; 3° any penal laws whatsoever, whether universal or particular, issued by the Apostolic See unless they are received into this Code; 4° also other universal disciplinary laws regarding a matter which is completely reordered by this Code. § 2. The canons of this Code, insofar as they repeat former law, should be assessed with due consideration for canonical tradition. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 6. § 1. Hoc Codice vim obtinente, abrogantur: 1° Codex Iuris Canonici anno 1917 promulgatus; 2° aliae quoque leges, sive universales sive particulares, praescriptis huius Codicis contrariae, nisi de particularibus aliud expresse caveatur; 3° leges poenales quaelibet, sive universales sive particulares a Sede Apostolica latae, nisi in ipso hoc Codice recipiantur; 4° ceterae quoque leges disciplinares universales materiam respicientes, quae hoc Codice ex integro ordinatur. § 2. Canones huius Codicis, quatenus ius vetus referunt, aestimandi sunt ratione etiam canonicae traditionis habita. Olim, 1917 CIC 6. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 6.

 • Canon 10. Only those laws must be considered invalidating or incapacitating that expressly establish an act to be null or a person to incapacitated. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 10. Irritantes aut inhabilitantes eae tantum leges habendae sunt, quibus actum esse nullum aut inhabilem esse personam expresse statuitur. Olim, 1917 CIC 11. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1495.

 • Canon 18. Laws that establish a penalty, restrict the free exercise of rights, or contain an exception from the law are subject to strict interpretation. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 18. Leges quae poenam statuunt aut liberum iurium exercitium coarctant aut exceptionem a lege continent, strictae subsunt interpretationi. Olim, 1917 CIC 19. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1500.

 • Canon 19. If in a certain matter there is lacking an express prescript of universal or particular law or a custom, a case, unless it is penal, must be resolved in light of laws issued in similar matters, general principles of law applied with canonical equity, the jurisprudence and practice of the Roman Curia, and the common and constant opinion of the doctors. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 19. Si certa de re desit expressum legis sive universalis sive particularis praescriptum aut consuetudo, causa, nisi sit poenalis, dirimenda est attentis legibus latis in similibus, generalibus iuris principiis cum aequitate canonica servatis, iurisprudentia et praxi Curiae Romanae, communi constantique doctorum sententia. Olim, 1917 CIC 20. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1501.

 • Canon 21. In doubt the revocation of a pre-existing law is not presumed but later laws must be related to earlier ones and, insofar as possible, harmonized with them. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 21. In dubio revocatio legis praeexistentis non praesumitur, sed leges posteriores ad priores trahendae sunt et his, quantum fieri potest, conciliandae. Olim, 1917 CIC 23. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1503.

 • Canon 124. § 1. For the validity of a juridic act it is required that it is placed by a qualified person and includes those things that essentially constitute the act itself as well as the formalities and requirements for the validity of the act imposed by law. § 2. A juridic act placed correctly as to its external elements is presumed valid. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 124. § 1. Ad validitatem actus iuridici requiritur ut a persona habili sit positus, atque in eodem adsint quae actum ipsum essentialiter constituunt, necnon sollemnia et requisita iure ad validitatem actus imposita. § 2. Actus iuridicus quoad sua elementa externa rite positus praesumitur validus. Olim, 1917 CIC 1680. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 931.

 • Canon 213. The Christian faithful have the right to receive assistance out of the spiritual goods of the Church, especially the word of God and the sacraments, from sacred Pastors. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 213. Ius est christifidelibus ut ex spiritualibus Ecclesiae bonis, praesertim ex verbo Dei et sacramentis, adiumenta a sacris Pastoribus accipiant. Olim, 1917 CIC 682. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 16.

 • Canon 277. § 1. Clerics are bound by the obligation observing perfect and perpetual continence for the Kingdom of heaven and therefore are bound to celibacy which is a special gift of God, by which indeed sacred ministers can adhere more easily to Christ with an undivided heart and are able to dedicate themselves more freely to the service of God and man. § 2. Clerics should conduct themselves with due prudence in regard to persons whose company might endanger their obligation to observe continence or give rise to scandal among the faithful. § 3. The diocesan bishop is competent to establish more specific norms cornering this matter and to pass judgment in particular cases concerning the observance of this obligation. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 277. § 1. Clerici obligatione tenentur servandi perfectam perpetuamque propter Regnum coelorum continentiam, ideoque ad coelibatum adstringuntur, quod est peculiare Dei donum, quo quidem sacri ministri indiviso corde Christo facilius adhaerere possunt atque Dei hominumque servitio liberius sese dedicare valent. § 2. Debita cum prudentia clerici se gerant cum personis, quarum frequentatio ipsorum obligationem ad continentiam servandam in discrimen vocare aut in fidelium scandalum vertere possit. § 3. Competit Episcopo dioecesano ut hac de re normas statuat magis determinatas utque de huius obligationis observantia in casibus particularibus iudicium ferat. Olim, 1917 CIC 132-133. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 373-374.

 • Canon 569. Military chaplains are governed by special laws. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 569. Cappellani militum legibus specialibus reguntur. Olim, 1917 CIC 451 § 3. Vide etiam, AAS 78 (1986) 481-486.

 • Canon 836. Because Christian worship, in which the common priesthood of the Christian faithful is exercised, is a work that proceeds from faith and is based on it sacred ministers are diligently to take care to arouse and enlighten this faith especially through the ministry of the word by faith is born and nourished. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 836. Cum cultus christianus, in quo sacerdotium commune christifidelium exercetur, opus sit quod a fide procedit et eadem innititur, ministri sacri eandem excitare et illustrare sedulo curent, ministerio praesertim verbi, quo fides nascitur et nutritur.

 • Canon 842. § 1. One cannot be admitted to the other sacraments who has not received baptism. § 2. The sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and the Most Holy Eucharist are interrelated among themselves such that they are required for full Christian initiation. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 842. § 1. Ad cetera sacramenta valide admitti nequit, qui baptismum non recepit. § 2. Sacramenta baptismi, confirmationis et sanctissimae Eucharistiae ita inter se coalescunt, ut ad plenam initiationem christianam requirantur. Olim, 1917 CIC 737 § 1. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 675 § 2, 697.

 • Canon 843. § 1. Sacred ministers cannot deny the sacraments to those who seek them opportunely, are rightly disposed, and are not prohibited by law from receiving them. § 2. Pastors of souls and other members of the Christian faithful who, according to their respective ecclesiastical function, have the duty of taking care that those who seek the sacraments are prepared to receive them by due evangelization and catechesis, attentive to the norms issued by competent authority. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 843. § 1. Ministri sacri denegare non possunt sacramenta iis qui opportune eadem petant, rite sint dispositi, nec iure ab iis recipiendis prohibeantur. § 2. Animarum pastores ceterique christifideles, pro suo quisque ecclesiastico munere, officium habent curandi ut qui sacramenta petunt debita evangelizatione necnon catechetica institutione ad eadem recipienda praeparentur, attentis normis a competenti auctoritate editis. Olim, 1917 CIC 467.

 • Canon 901. A priest is free to apply the Mass for anyone whether living or dead. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 901. Integrum est sacerdoti Missam applicare pro quibusvis, tum vivis tum defunctis. Olim, 1917 CIC 809.

 • Canon 912. Any baptized person who is not prohibited by law can and must be admitted to holy Communion. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 912. Quilibet baptizatus, qui iure non prohibeatur, admitti potest et debet ad sacram communionem. Olim, 1917 CIC 853.

 • Canon 915. Those who are excommunicated or interdicted, after the imposition or declaration of the penalty, and others obstinately persevering in manifest grave sin are not to be admitted to holy communion. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 915. Ad sacram communionem ne admittantur excommunicati et interdicti post irrogationem vel declarationem poenae aliique in manifesto gravi peccato obstinate perseverantes. Olim, 1917 CIC 855. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 712.

 • Canon 916. One who is conscious of grave sin is not to celebrate Mass or receive the body of the Lord without previous sacramental confession unless there is a grave reason and there is no opportunity to confess; in this case the person is to remember that he bound by the obligation of making an act of perfect contrition which includes the resolution of confessing as soon as possible. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 916. Qui conscius est peccati gravis, sine praemissa sacramentali confessione Missam ne celebret neve Corpori Domini communicet, nisi adsit gravis ratio et deficiat opportunitas confitendi; quo in casu meminerit se obligatione teneri ad eliciendum actum perfectae contritionis, qui includit propositum quam primum confitendi. Olim, 1917 CIC 807, 856. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 711.

 • Canon 928. The Eucharistic celebration should be carried out in the Latin language or in another language provided that the liturgical texts have been legitimately approved. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 928. Eucharistica celebratio peragatur lingua latina aut alia lingua, dummodo textus liturgici legitime approbati fuerint. Olim, 1917 CIC 819.

 • Canon 965. The minister of the sacrament of penance is a priest alone. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 965. Minister sacramenti paenitentiae est solus sacerdos. Olim, 1917 CIC 871. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 722 § 1.

 • Canon 980. If the confessor has no doubt about the disposition of the penitent and the penitent seeks absolution, absolution is to be neither refused nor deferred. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 980. Si confessario dubium non est de paenitentis dispositione et hic absolutionem petat, absolutio ne denegetur nec differatur. Olim, 1917 CIC 886.

 • Canon 981. In accord with the quality and number of sins and taking into account the condition of the penitent the confessor should impose salutary and appropriate penances; the penitent is bound by the obligation of fulfilling these himself. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 981. Pro qualitate et numero peccatorum, habita tamen ratione paenitentis condicionis, salutares et convenientes satisfactiones confessarius iniungat; quas paenitens per se ipse implendi obligatione tenetur. Olim, 1917 CIC 887. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 732 § 1.

 • Canon 982. Whoever confesses to have denounced falsely an innocent confessor before ecclesiastical authority concerning the crime of solicitation to sin against the sixth commandment of the Decalogue should not be absolved unless first the person has formally retracted the false denunciation and is prepared to repair damages if there are any. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 982. Qui confitetur se falso confessarium innocentem apud auctoritatem ecclesiasticam denuntiasse de crimine sollicitationis ad peccatum contra sextum Decalogi praeceptum, ne absolvatur nisi prius falsam denuntiationem formaliter retractaverit et paratus sit ad damna, si quae habeantur, reparanda. Olim, 1917 CIC 894.

 • Canon 983. § 1. The sacramental seal is inviolable; therefore it is absolutely forbidden for a confessor to betray in any way a penitent in words or in any manner and for any reason. § 2. The interpreter, if there is one, and all others who in any way have knowledge of sins from confession are bound by obligation of observing secrecy. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 983. § 1. Sacramentale sigillum inviolabile est; quare nefas est confessario verbis vel alio quovis modo et quavis de causa aliquatenus prodere paenitentem. § 2. Obligatione secretum servandi tenentur quoque interpres, si detur, necnon omnes alii ad quos ex confessione notitia peccatorum quoquo modo pervenerit. Olim, 1917 CIC 889. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 733.

 • Canon 984. § 1. The use of knowledge acquired from confession is entirely prohibited to confessors when there is harm to the penitent even if any danger of revelation is excluded. § 2. One who has been placed in authority cannot use in any manner for external governance knowledge about sins which he has received in confession at any time. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 984. § 1. Omnino confessario prohibetur scientiae ex confessione acquisitae usus cum paenitentis gravamine, etiam quovis revelationis periculo excluso. § 2. Qui in auctoritate est constitutus, notitia quam de peccatis in confessione quovis tempore excepta habuerit, ad exteriorem gubernationem nullo modo uti potest. Olim, 1917 CIC 890. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 734 § 1-2.

 • Canon 985. The director of novices and his associate, and the rector of a seminary or other institute of education, should not hear the sacramental confessions of their students residing in the same house unless the students spontaneously request it in particular cases. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 985. Magister novitiorum eiusque socius, rector seminarii aliusve instituti educationis sacramentales confessiones suorum alumnorum in eadem domo commorantium ne audiant, nisi alumni in casibus particularibus sponte id petant. Olim, 1917 CIC 891. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 734 § 3.

 • Canon 986. § 1. All to whom the care of souls has been entrusted in virtue of some function is bound by the obligation of ensuring that the confessions of the faithful entrusted to them are heard when they reasonably ask to be heard and that the opportunity is given them to approach individual confession on days and at times established for their convenience. § 2. In urgent necessity, any confessor is bound by the obligation of hearing the confessions of the Christian faithful, and in danger of death any priest is so obliged. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 986. § 1. Omnis, cui animarum cura vi muneris est demandata, obligatione tenetur providendi ut audiantur confessiones fidelium sibi commissorum, qui rationabiliter audiri petant, utque iisdem opportunitas praebeatur ad confessionem individualem, diebus ac horis in eorum commodum statutis, accedendi. § 2. Urgente necessitate, quilibet confessarius obligatione tenetur confessiones christifidelium excipiendi, et in periculo mortis quilibet sacerdos. Olim, 1917 CIC 892. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 735.

 • Canon 987. A member of the Christian faithful, in order to receive the salvific remedy of the sacrament of penance, must be so disposed that, rejecting sins which he committed and having a purpose of amendment, the person is turned back to God. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 987. Christifidelis, ut sacramenti paenitentiae remedium percipiat salutiferum, ita dispositus sit oportet ut, peccata quae commiserit repudians et propositum sese emendandi habens, ad Deum convertatur. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 718.

 • Canon 988. § 1. A member of the Christian faithful is bound by the obligation of confessing, in kind and number, all grave sins committed after baptism and not yet remitted directly through the keys of the Church nor acknowledged in individual confession, of which the person has knowledge after diligent examination of conscience. § 2. It is recommended to the Christian faithful that they also confess venial sins. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 988. § 1. Christifidelis obligatione tenetur in specie et numero confitendi omnia peccata gravia post baptismum perpetrata et nondum per claves Ecclesiae directe remissa neque in confessione individuali accusata, quorum post diligentem sui discussionem conscientiam habeat. § 2. Commendatur christifidelibus ut etiam peccata venialia confiteantur. Olim, 1917 CIC 901-902.

 • Canon 989. Each member of the faithful, having reached the age of discretion, is bound by the oblgiation of faithfully confessing faithfully his grave sins at least once a year. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 989. Omnis fidelis, postquam ad annos discretionis pervenerit, obligatione tenetur peccata sua gravia, saltem semel in anno, fideliter confitendi. Olim, 1917 CIC 906. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 719.

 • Canon 990. No one is prohibited from confessing through an interpreter as long as abuses and scandals are avoided and without prejudice to the prescript of can. 983 § 2. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 990. Nemo prohibetur quominus per interpretem confiteatur, vitatis quidem abusibus et scandalis atque firmo praescripto can. 983 § 2. Olim, 1917 CIC 903.

 • Canon 991. Every member of the Christian faithful is free to confess sins to a legitimately approved confessor of his or her choice, even of another rite. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 991. Cuivis christifideli integrum est confessario legitime approbato etiam alius ritus, cui maluerit, peccata confiteri. Olim, 1917 CIC 905.

 • Canon 992. An indulgence is the remission before God of temporal punishment for sins whose guilt is already forgiven, which a properly disposed member of the Christian faithful gains under certain and defined conditions by the assistance of the Church which as minister of redemption dispenses and applies authoritatively the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 992. Indulgentia est remissio coram Deo poenae temporalis pro peccatis, ad culpam quod attinet iam deletis, quam christifidelis, apte dispositus et certis ac definitis condicionibus, consequitur ope Ecclesiae quae, ut ministra redemptionis, thesaurum satisfactionum Christi et Sanctorum auctoritative dispensat et applicat. Olim, 1917 CIC 911.

 • Canon 993. An indulgence is partial or plenary insofar as it partially or totally frees from the temporal punishment due to sins. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 993. Indulgentia est partialis aut plenaria, prout a poena temporali pro peccatis debita liberat ex parte aut ex toto.

 • Canon 994. Any member of the faithful can gain partial or plenary indulgences for oneself or apply them to the dead by way of suffrage. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 994. Quivis fidelis potest indulgentias sive partiales sive plenarias, aut sibi ipsi lucrari, aut defunctis applicare ad modum suffragii.

 • Canon 995. § 1. Besides the supreme authority of the Church only those to whom this power is recognized in the law or granted by the Roman Pontiff can bestow indulgences. § 2. No authority below the Roman Pontiff can entrust the power of granting indulgences to others unless the Apostolic See has given this expressly to the person. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 995. § 1. Praeter supremam Ecclesiae auctoritatem ii tantum possunt indulgentias elargiri, quibus haec potestas iure agnoscitur aut a Romano Pontifice conceditur. § 2. Nulla auctoritas infra Romanum Pontificem potest potestatem concedendi indulgentias aliis committere, nisi id ei a Sede Apostolica expresse fuerit indultum. Olim, 1917 CIC 912-913.

 • Canon 996. § 1. To be capable of gaining indulgences one must be baptized, not excommunicated, and in the state of grace at least at the end of the prescribed works. § 2. To gain indulgences, however, a capable subject must have at least the general intention of acquiring them and fulfill the enjoined works in the established time and the proper method, according to the tenor of the grant. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 996. § 1. Ut quis capax sit lucrandi indulgentias debet esse baptizatus, non excommunicatus, in statu gratiae saltem in fine operum praescriptorum. § 2. Ut vero subiectum capax eas lucretur, habere debet intentionem saltem generalem eas acquirendi et opera iniuncta implere statuto tempore ac debito modo, secundum concessionis tenorem. Olim, 1917 CIC 925.

 • Canon 997. As for what applies to the granting and use of indulgences, the other prescripts contained in the special laws of the Church must also be observed. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 997. Ad indulgentiarum concessionem et usum quod attinet, servanda sunt insuper cetera praescripta quae in peculiaribus Ecclesiae legibus continentur.

 • Canon 1055. § 1. The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a consortium of the whole of life which, by its nature, is ordered to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring, has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament between the baptized. § 2. Therefore a valid matrimonial contract cannot exist between the baptized without it being by that fact a sacrament. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1055. § 1. Matrimoniale foedus, quo vir et mulier inter se totius vitae consortium constituunt, indole sua naturali ad bonum coniugum atque ad prolis generationem et educationem ordinatum, a Christo Domino ad sacramenti dignitatem inter baptizatos evectum est. § 2. Quare inter baptizatos nequit matrimonialis contractus validus consistere, quin sit eo ipso sacramentum. Olim, 1917 CIC 1012-1013. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 776.

 • Canon 1056. The essential properties of marriage are unity and indissolubility which, in Christian marriage, by reason of the sacrament, obtain a special firmness. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1056. Essentiales matrimonii proprietates sunt unitas et indissolubilitas, quae in matrimonio christiano ratione sacramenti peculiarem obtinent firmitatem. Olim, 1917 CIC 1013 § 2. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 776 § 3.

 • Canon 1057. § 1. The consent of the parties, between persons able under law, legitimately manifested, makes marriage; no human power is able to supply this consent. § 2. Matrimonial consent is an act of the will by which a man and a woman mutually give and accept each other by an irrevocable covenant in order to establish marriage. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1057. § 1. Matrimonium facit partium consensus inter personas iure habiles legitime manifestatus, qui nulla humana potestate suppleri valet. § 2. Consensus matrimonialis est actus voluntatis, quo vir et mulier foedere irrevocabili sese mutuo tradunt et accipiunt ad constituendum matrimonium. Olim, 1917 CIC 1081. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 817.

 • Canon 1058. All persons can contract marriage who are not prohibited by law. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1058. Omnes possunt matrimonium contrahere, qui iure non prohibentur. Olim, 1917 CIC 1035. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 778.

 • Canon 1059. The marriage of Catholics, even if only one party is Catholic, is governed not only by divine law but also canonical, without prejudice to the competence of civil authority concerning the merely civil effects of the same marriage. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1059. Matrimonium catholicorum, etsi una tantum pars sit catholica, regitur iure non solum divino, sed etiam canonico, salva competentia civilis potestatis circa mere civiles eiusdem matrimonii effectus. Olim, 1917 CIC 1016. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 780.

 • Canon 1060. Marriage enjoys the favor of law; therefore, in doubt the validity of a marriage must be upheld until the contrary is proven. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1060. Matrimonium gaudet favore iuris; quare in dubio standum est pro valore matrimonii, donec contrarium probetur. Olim, 1917 CIC 1014. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 779.

 • Canon 1061. § 1. A valid marriage between the baptized is called 'merely ratified' if it has not been consummated; [it is called] 'ratified and consummated' if the spouses have performed between themselves in a human manner a conjugal act suitable in itself for the procreation of offspring, to which marriage is ordered by its nature and by which the spouses become one flesh. § 2. After marriage has been celebrated, if the spouses have cohabited, consummation is presumed until the contrary is proven. § 3. An invalid marriage is called 'putative' if it was celebrated in good faith by at least one party, until both parties become certain of its nullity. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1061. § 1. Matrimonium inter baptizatos validum dicitur ratum tantum, si non est consummatum; ratum et consummatum, si coniuges inter se humano modo posuerunt coniugalem actum per se aptum ad prolis generationem, ad quem natura sua ordinatur matrimonium, et quo coniuges fiunt una caro. § 2. Celebrato matrimonio, si coniuges cohabitaverint, praesumitur consummatio, donec contrarium probetur. § 3. Matrimonium invalidum dicitur putativum, si bona fide ab una saltem parte celebratum fuerit, donec utraque pars de eiusdem nullitate certa evadat. Olim, 1917 CIC 1015.

 • Canon 1090. § 1. One who, with a view to entering marriage with a certain person, has caused the death of that person’s spouse or of one’s own spouse invalidly attempts this marriage. § 2. They also invalidly attempt marriage between themselves who, by mutual physical or moral cooperation, have brought about the death of a spouse. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1090. § 1. Qui intuitu matrimonii cum certa persona ineundi, huius coniugi vel proprio coniugi mortem intulerit, invalide hoc matrimonium attentat. § 2. Invalide quoque matrimonium inter se attentant qui mutua opera physica vel morali mortem coniugi intulerunt. Olim, 1917 CIC 1075 nn. 2-3. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 807.

 • Canon 1141. A ratified and consummated marriage can be dissolved by no human power or cause besides death. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1141. Matrimonium ratum et consummatum nulla humana potestate nullaque causa, praeterquam morte, dissolvi potest. Olim, 1917 CIC 1118. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 853.

 • Canon 1173. The Church, fulfilling the priestly function of Christ, celebrates the liturgy of the hours by which, hearing God speaking to his people and conducting the memorial of the mystery of salvation, she praises Him without interruption by song and prayer and intercedes for the salvation of the whole world. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1173. Ecclesia, sacerdotale munus Christi adimplens, liturgiam horarum celebrat, qua Deum ad populum suum loquentem audiens et memoriam mysterii salutis agens, Ipsum sine intermissione, cantu et oratione, laudat atque interpellat pro totius mundi salute.

 • 1983 CIC 1262. The faithful are to give support to the Church through appeals and according to the norms issued by the conference of bishops. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1262. Fideles subsidia Ecclesiae conferant per subventiones rogatas et iuxta normas ab Episcoporum conferentia latas. Vide etiam, USCCB Compl. Norm, 8 jun 2007.

 • Canon 1313. § 1. If after a delict is committed a law is changed the law more favorable to the accused is to be applied. § 2. But if a later law abolishes the law or at least the penalty, [the penalty] immediately ceases. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1313. § 1. Si post delictum commissum lex mutetur, applicanda est lex reo favorabilior. § 2. Quod si lex posterior tollat legem vel saltem poenam, haec statim cessat. Olim, 1917 CIC 2226 §§ 2-3. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1412 §§ 2-3.

 • Canon 1374. One who joins an association which machinates against the Church should be punished with a just penalty; one who, however, promotes or directs an association of this kind should be punished with an interdict. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1374. Qui nomen dat consociationi, quae contra Ecclesiam machinatur, iusta poena puniatur; qui autem eiusmodi consociationem promovet vel moderatur, interdicto puniatur.  Olim, 1917 CIC 2335. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1448 § 2. Vide etiam, ASS 76 (1984) 300.

 • Canon 1382. A bishop who, without a pontifical mandate, consecrates someone a bishop, and likewise the person who receives the consecration from him, incur an automatic excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1382. Episcopus qui sine pontificio mandato aliquem consecrat in Episcopum, itemque qui ab eo consecrationem recipit, in excommunicationem latae sententiae Sedi Apostolicae reservatam incurrunt. Olim, 1917 CIC 2370. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1459 § 1.

 • Canon 1388. § 1. A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See; one who does so only indirectly should be punished according to the gravity of the delict. § 2. An interpreter and the others mentioned in can. 983 § 2 who violate the secret are to be punished with a just penalty, not excluding excommunication. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1388. § 1. Confessarius, qui sacramentale sigillum directe violat, in excommunicationem latae sententiae Sedi Apostolicae reservatam incurrit; qui vero indirecte tantum, pro delicti gravitate puniatur. § 2. Interpres aliique, de quibus in can. 983 § 2, qui secretum violant, iusta poena puniantur, non exclusa excommunicatione. Olim, 1917 CIC 2369. Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1456. Vide etiam, AAS 80 (1988) 1367.

 • Canon 1398. One who procures an abortion, upon the effect being achieved, incurs automatic excommunication. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1398. Qui abortum procurat, effectu secuto, in excommunicationem latae sententiae incurrit. Interpretatus, AAS 80 (1988) 1818-1819; Olim, 1917 CIC 2350 § 1; Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1450 § 2.

 • Canon 1399. Besides the cases established here or in other laws the external violation of a divine or canonical law can indeed be punished by a just penalty only when the special gravity of the violation demands punishment and necessity urges the prevention or repair of scandla. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1399. Praeter casus hac vel aliis legibus statutos, divinae vel canonicae legis externa violatio tunc tantum potest iusta quidem poena puniri, cum specialis violationis gravitas punitionem postulat, et necessitas urget scandala praeveniendi vel reparandi. Olim, 1917 CIC 2222 §1.

 • Canon 1403. § 1. Causes of the canonization of the Servants of God are governed by special pontifical law. § 2. The prescripts of this Code are applied to these causes whenever referral to special pontifical law is made in them or norms are involved that, by the nature of the matter itself, also affects these same causes. ▪ Promulgatus, 1983 CIC 1403. § 1. Causae canonizationis Servorum Dei reguntur peculiari lege pontificia. § 2. Iisdem causis applicantur praeterea praescripta huius Codicis, quoties in eadem lege ad ius universale remissio fit vel de normis agitur quae, ex ipsa rei natura, easdem quoque causas afficiunt. Olim, 1917 CIC 1999-2141; Orientalis, 1990 CCEO 1057.

1917 CIC 889. § 1. The sacramental seal is inviolable; therefore a confessor will diligently take care that neither by word nor sign or in any other way and for any reason will he betray in the slightest anyone’s sin.§ 2. Interpreters are likewise bound by the obligation of preserving the sacramental seal as well as all those who in any way come into knowledge of the confession.

1917 CIC 2350. § 1. Procurers of abortion, the mother not excepted, incur, upon the effect being secured, automatic excommunication reserved to the Ordinary, and if they are clerics, they are to be deposed.

1917 CIC 2369. § 1. A confessor who presumes to violate directly the sacramental seal remains in an excommunication most specially reserved the Apostolic See; but one who only indirectly [violates the seal] is liable to the penalties mentioned in Canon 2368 § 1. § 2. Whoever accidentally violates the prescription of Canon 889 § 2 is struck with a salutary penalty for the gravity of the deed, that can even be excommunication.

1990 CCEO 776. § 1. The matrimonial covenant, established by the Creator and ordered by His laws, by which a man and woman by an irrevocable personal consent establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the generation and education of the offspring. § 2. From the institution of Christ a valid marriage between baptized persons is by that very fact a sacrament, by which the spouses, in the image of an indefectible union of Christ with the Church, are united by God and, as it were, consecrated and strengthened by sacramental grace. § 3. The essential properties of marriage are unity and indissolubility, which in a marriage between baptized persons obtain a special firmness in virtue of the sacrament.

1990 CCEO 1450. § 2. One who has procured a completed abortion is to be punished [with excommunication] with due regard for can. 728 § 2.

CCC 1117. ... [T]he Church has discerned over the centuries that among liturgical celebrations there are seven that are, in the strict sense of the term, sacraments instituted by the Lord.

CCC 1135. The catechesis of the liturgy entails first of all an understanding of the sacramental economy ... .

abbreviations on this page might

CLD

Comm.

DDC

NCE

New Catholic Encyclopedia (1967)